Newton's First Law states that an object at rest will stay at rest, and an object in motion will stay in motion unless acted upon by an external force.
The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle states that it is impossible to simultaneously measure both the position and momentum of a particle with perfect accuracy.
Scalar quantities have only magnitude (e.g., temperature), while vector quantities have both magnitude and direction (e.g., velocity).
Ohm's Law states that the current through a conductor is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance (V = IR).
The Doppler Effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave as the source and observer move relative to each other.
The Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
In an elastic collision, both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved, while in an inelastic collision, momentum is conserved but kinetic energy is not.
Planck's constant (h) is a fundamental constant that relates the energy of a photon to its frequency, with a value of approximately 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s.
The principle of superposition states that when two or more waves overlap, the resulting displacement is the sum of the individual displacements.